Главная » KIA Carnival

A Little Story of Carnival | GAOMON stories

A Little Story of Carnival | GAOMON stories KIA Carnival
На чтение 37 мин. Просмотров 245 Опубликовано

Содержание

Содержание
  1. Catalonia
  2. Greece
  3. History
  4. Italy
  5. Notes
  6. United states
  7. Дополнительно про Kia

Catalonia

In Catalonia, people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures, and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes (“His Majesty King Carnival”), known by various titles, including el Rei dels poca-soltes (“King of the Crackpots”)

, Princep etern de Cornudella (“Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry”), Duc de ximples i corrumputs (“Duke of Fools and the Corrupt”), Marquès de la bona mamella (“Marquis of the lovely breast”), Comte de tots els barruts (“Count of the Insolent”)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yW313inIlFk

, Baró de les Calaverades (“Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries”), and Senyor de l’alt Plàtan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d’honor dalt del llit (“Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom, of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed”).[174]

The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend.

Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday, Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called ‘omelette day’ (el dia de la truita), on which coques (de llardons, butifarra d’ou, butifarra), and omelettes are eaten.

The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the “burial of the sardine” (enterrament de la sardina)

The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltrú has a documented history from 1790[176] and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the grotesque body[3] (particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses, and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as “thighs and feathers”.[177] It is best known for Les Comparses (held on Sunday), a tumultuous dance in which thousands of dancers in traditional dresses and Mantons de Manila (Manila shawls), organized into groups of couples march in the street forming lines while throwing tons of hard candies at one another.

Vilanovinians organize several rituals during the week. On Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada, a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet meringue while adults have a meringue battle at midnight at the historic Plaça de les Cols.

On Friday citizens are called to a parade for the arrival of King Carnival called l’Arrivo that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself.

On Saturday, the King’s procession and his concubines scandalize the town with their sexual behavior, the mysterious Moixo Foguer (Little-Bird-Bonfire) is shown accompanied by the Xerraire (jabberer) who try to convince the crowd about the wonders of this mighty bird he carries in a box (who is in fact a naked person covered in feathers).[178] and other items such as sport acts and barbecues in the streets, the talking-dance of the Mismatched Couples (Ball de Malcasats), the children’s King Caramel whose massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites, or the debauched Nit dels Mascarots dance.

After Sunday, vilanovinians continue its Carnival with the children’s partyVidalet, the satirical chorus of Carnestoltes songs and the last night of revelry, the Vidalot. For the King’s funeral, people dress in elaborate mourning costume, many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables.

In the funeral house, the body of the King is surrounded by weeping concubines, crying over the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by his death. The King’s body is carried to the Plaça de la Vila where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled sardines with bread and wine, suggesting the symbolic cannibalism of the communion ritual.

Finally, amid rockets and explosions, the King’s body is burned in a massive pyre.[175][176]

Carnaval de Solsona takes place in Solsona, Lleida. It is one of the longest; free events in the streets and nightly concerts run for more than a week. The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell − because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower.

To celebrate this legend, locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that “pisses” above the excited crowd using a water pump. This event is the most important and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants are called matarrucs (“donkey killers”).[179]

“Comparses” groups organize free activities. These groups of friends create and personalize a uniformed suit to wear during the festivities.[citation needed]

In Sitges, special feasts include xatonades (xató is a traditional local salad of the Penedès coast) served with omelettes. Two important moments are the Rua de la Disbauxa (Debauchery Parade)

on Sunday night and the Rua de l’Extermini (Extermination Parade) on Tuesday night. Around 40 floats draw more than 2,500 participants.[citation needed]

Tarragona has one of the region’s most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music, and percussion bands, and groups with fireworks (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon).

Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades. About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.[citation needed]

Greece

In Greece, Carnival is known as Apókries (Απόκριες, lit. ‘[goodbye] to meat’), and officially begins with the “Opening of the Triodion”, the liturgical book used by the Orthodox Church from then until Holy Week.[132] Apokries is made up of three themed weeks of celebration known as Prophoní (Προφωνή, ‘preannouncement week’)

, Kreatiní (Κρεατινή, ‘meat week’), and Tiriní (Τυρινή, ‘cheese week’). One of the season’s high points during Kreatini is Tsiknopémpti (lit.

‘Smoky-Thursday’), when celebrants throw large outdoor parties and roast huge amounts of meat; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday, after which point meat is forbidden until Easter. The following week, Tirini, is marked by similar festivities revolving around the consumption of cheese, eggs, and dairy and culminates with a “Cheese Sunday.

” Great Lent, and its restrictive fasting rules, begins in earnest the next day on Clean Monday. Throughout the Carnival season, festivals, parades, and balls are held all over the country. Many people disguise themselves as maskarádes (“masqueraders”) and engage in pranks and revelry throughout the season.[133]

Patras holds the largest annual Carnival in Greece, and one of the largest in the world. The famous Patras Carnival is a three-day spectacle replete with concerts, theatre performances, parading troupes, an elaborate treasure hunt game, three major parades, parallel celebrations specifically for children, and many masquerade balls including the famous Bourboúlia (Μπουρμπούλια) ball in which women wear special robe like costumes called a dómino to hide their identy.[134] The festivities come to a crescendo on “Cheese Sunday” when The Grand Parade of troops and floats leads celebrators to the harbor for the ceremonial burning of the effigy of King Carnival.[135]

The Carnival in Corfu is much influenced by the Carnival of Venice. During this period, various theatrical sketches are presented on the island, called Petególia or Petegolétsa (Πετεγολέτσα) in the local dialect.

The second biggest Carnival in Greece takes place in Xanthi (Eastern Macedonia and Thrace) since 1966 and it is the major event of its kind in Northern Greece. The Xanthi Carnival manages to attract visitors from the nearby countries such as Bulgaria, Turkey, and Romania.[137] Other regions host festivities of smaller extent, focused on the reenactment of traditional carnival customs, such as Tyrnavos (Thessaly)

, Kozani (Western Macedonia), Rethymno (Crete). Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional “phallkloric” event[138] in which giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of papier-mâché are paraded, and which women are asked to touch or kiss.

Every year, from 1–8 January, mostly in regions of Western Macedonia, traditional Carnival festivals erupt. Best known of these is the Ragoutsária (Ραγκουτσάρια)[140] festival in the city of Kastoria whose celebration may date back to antiquity and whose name derives from the Latin word rogatores ‘beggars’, in reference to the beggars who could mingle with the rich in their masks.[141] It takes place from 6–8 January with mass participation and is noted for its brass bands, flutes, and Macedoniandrums. It is an ancient celebration of nature’s rebirth akin to ancient festivals for Dionysus (Dionysia) and Kronos (Saturnalia).[141]

History

The word Carnival is of Christian origin,[13] and in the Middle Ages, it referred to a period following Epiphany season that reached its climax before midnight on Shrove Tuesday.[16] British historian John Bossy, in writing on the origin of the practices during Carnival, states that “These were, despite some appearances, Christian in character, and they were medieval in origin: although it has been widely supposed that they continued some kind of pre-Christian cult, there is in fact no evidence that they existed much before 1200.”[17] Because Lent was a period of fasting, “Carnival therefore represented a last period of feasting and celebration before the spiritual rigors of Lent.”[16] Meat was plentiful during this part of the Christian calendar and it was consumed during Carnival as people abstained from meat consumption during the following liturgical season, Lent.[16] In the last few days of Carnival, known as Shrovetide, people confessed (shrived) their sins in preparation for Lent as well.

Читайте также:  Учебник Spotlight 9. Student Book. Страница 24

What, are there masques? Hear you me, Jessica:
Lock up my doors, and when you hear the drum
And the vile squealing of the wry-nck’d fife,
Clamber not you up o the casements then,
Nor thrust your head into the public street
To gaze on Christian fools with varnish’d faces.[18]

From an anthropological point of view, carnival is a reversal ritual, in which social roles are reversed and norms about desired behavior are suspended.[19][20]

Winter was thought of as the reign of the winter spirits; these needed to be driven out in order for the summer to return. Carnival can thus be regarded as a rite of passage from darkness to light, from winter to summer: a fertility celebration, the first spring festival of the new year.[21]

Traditionally, a Carnival feast was the last opportunity for common people to eat well, as there was typically a food shortage at the end of the winter as stores ran out. Until spring produce was available, people were limited to the minimum necessary meals during this period.

On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting), all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter, and meat which were left would be eaten, for these would otherwise soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had already been slaughtered in November and the meat would no longer be preservable.

Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring.[19] A central figure of this ritual was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus.

Also, there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus[23] or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women’s clothes.[22][24][25] Aboard the ship a marriage would be consummated as a fertility ritual.[26][27]

Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – “The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance.

” Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – “Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake.”[28]

Traditionally, the feast also was a time to indulge in sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following period fasting.[22][29] Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival.[30]

In many Christian sermons and texts, the example of a vessel is used to explain Christian doctrine: “the nave of the church of baptism”, “the ship of Mary”, etc. The writings show that processions with ship-like carts were held and lavish feasts were celebrated on the eve of Lent or the greeting of spring in the early Middle Ages.[22][26]

The Lenten period of the liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was historically marked by fasting, study, and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat, and sugar.

While Christian festivals such as Corpus Christi were Church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition, fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert, according to the New Testament, and also to reflect on Christian values.

It was a time for catechumens (those converting to Christianity) to prepare for baptism at Easter.[citation needed]

Carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, Christian populations used their several holidays as an outlet for their daily frustrations.[32]

Italy

The most famous Carnivals of Italy are held in Venice, Viareggio, and Ivrea.

The Carnival in Venice was first recorded in 1268. Its subversive nature is reflected in Italy’s many laws over the centuries attempting to restrict celebrations and the wearing of masks. Carnival celebrations in Venice were halted after the city fell under Austrian control in 1798, but were revived in the late 20th century.[citation needed]

The month-long Carnival of Viareggio is characterized mainly by its parade of floats and masks caricaturing popular figures. In 2001, the town built a new “Carnival citadel” dedicated to Carnival preparations and entertainment.[citation needed]

The Carnival of Ivrea is famous for its “Battle of the Oranges” fought with fruit between the people on foot and the troops of the tyrant on carts, to remember the wars of the Middle Ages.[143]

In the most part of the Archdiocese of Milan, the Carnival lasts four more days, ending on the Saturday after Ash Wednesday, because of the Ambrosian Rite.[citation needed]

In Sardinia, the Carnival (in Sardinian languageCarrasecare or Carrasegare[144]) varies greatly from the one in the mainland of Italy: due to its close relation to the Dionysian Rites[citation needed], the majority of the Sardinian celebrations features not only feasts and parades but also crude fertility rites such as bloodsheds to fertilize the land,[145] the death and the resurrection of the Carnival characters[146] and representations of violence and torture.[145] The typical characters of the Sardinian Carnival are zoomorphic and/or androgynous, such as the Mamuthones and Issohadores[147] from Mamoiada, the Boes and Merdules[148] from Ottana and many more.[149] The Carnival is celebrated with street performances[150] that are typically accompanied by Sardinian dirges called attittidus,[151] meaning literally “cry of a baby when the mother doesn’t want nursed him/her anymore” (from the word titta meaning breasts[152]).

Notes

  1. ^“Largest carnival”. Guinness World Records. 1 January 2004. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  2. ^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). “Carnival” . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ abcdBakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Rabelais and his world. Translated by H. Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Original edition, Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaia kul’tura srednevekov’ia i Renessansa, 1965.
  4. ^Barrows, Susanna; Room, Robin (1991). Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modern History. University of California Press. pp. 404–. ISBN 9780520070851. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  5. ^Mauldin, Barbara (2004). ¡Carnaval!. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 75.
  6. ^“Behind the masks - history, making and authencity of Venetian Masks”. www.italymask.co.nz. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  7. ^“Storia e origini delle maschere della Commedia dell’Arte”. Filastrocche.it (in Italian). 30 January 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  8. ^Ruprecht, Tony (14 December 2021). Toronto’s Many Faces. Dundurn. p. 115. ISBN 9781459718043. Fastelavn, held the week before Lent, is the Danish Mardi Gras. This event takes place at the Danish Lutheran Church and at Sunset Villa.
  9. ^“Frequently Asked Questions”. The Danish Lutheran Church & Cultural Center. 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. We celebrate Danish traditions during our church year such as Fastelavn at lent (a Carnival for the kids at the beginning of the Lenten season), a Harvest Service in Fall and preparing for Advent and Christmas with a Klippe-Klistre (Cut & Paste Decorations) in late November. Our Danish history and heritage is continuously incorporated into our services and events through the year and its seasons.
  10. ^Melitta Weiss Adamson, Francine Segan (2008). Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl. ABC-CLIO. In Anglican countries, Mardis Gras is known as Shrove Tuesday – from shrive meaning ‘confess’ – or Pancake Day – after the breakfast food that symbolizes one final hearty meal of eggs, butter, and sugar before the fast. On Ash Wednesday, the morning after Mardi Gras, repentant Christians return to church to receive upon the forehead the sign of the cross in ashes.
  11. ^“Carnival in Different Languages”. Words In Different Languages. 25 June 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  12. ^ ab“Online Etymology Dictionary”. Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  13. ^ abRudwin, Maximilian Josef (1920). The Origin of the German Carnival Comedy. G. E. Stechert & Company. p. 2. The English name for Carnival, it may be argued, points to a Christian origin of this festival.
  14. ^ ab“Carnevale”. Etimo (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  15. ^“Isis Rising”. Carnival.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  16. ^ abcRuff, Julius R. (4 October 2001). Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780521598941.
  17. ^Bossy, John (1985). Christianity in the West, 1400-1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-289162-4.
  18. ^ abKatritzky, M.A. (2021). Healing, Performance and Ceremony in the Writings of Three Early Modern Physicians: Hippolytus Guarinonius and the Brothers Felix and Thomas Platter. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 47–. ISBN 9780754667070.
  19. ^ ab“Carnaval”Archived 8 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2021.
  20. ^Miller, John F. “Roman Festivals,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2021), p. 172.
  21. ^“Vitaberna”Archived 4 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Jansimons.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2021.
  22. ^ abcdefg“Wat is carnaval?” | Fen VlaanderenArchived 22 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Fenvlaanderen.be. Retrieved on 13 May 2021.
  23. ^Tacitus, Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrantur – “The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance.” Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – “Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake.” Trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus. London: Macmillan, 1868, OCLC 776555615
  24. ^Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1990). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-013627-4.
  25. ^Eduardo Fabbro, M.A., “Germanic Paganism among the Early Salian Franks”. University of Brasilia, The Journal of Germanic Mythology and Folklore, Volume 1, Issue 4, August 2006
  26. ^ abcdef“Geschiedenis van het carnavalsfeest”. Members.ziggo.nl. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  27. ^Federatie Europese Narren Nederland – Federatie Europese Narren NederlandArchived 3 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Fen-nederland.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2021.
  28. ^Trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus. London: Macmillan, 1868, OCLC 776555615
  29. ^“Oorsprong van het Carnaval in de geschiedenis van Nederland IsGeschiedenis”. Isgeschiedenis.nl. 11 November 2021. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  30. ^“Carnival”. Encyclopedia of Easter, Carnival, and Lent. 30 November 2001.
  31. ^Gaignebet, Claude. 1984. El Carnaval: Ensayos de mitologia popular. Barcelona: Editorial Alta Fulla. Original edition: Le carnaval. Essais de mythologie populaire, Editions Payot, Paris, 1974.
  32. ^“Geschiedenis van carnaval in de middeleeuwen IsGeschiedenis”. Isgeschiedenis.nl. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  33. ^Halmo, Joan (1989). Celebrating the Church Year with Young Children. Liturgical Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780814615805. Carnival is a time of revelry and excess before the dying of Lent, a time of feasting before the fasting.
  34. ^Davidson, Alan (21 August 2021). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780191040726.
  35. ^Oorsprong Carnaval: Middencommiteit LommelArchived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Middencommiteit.be. Retrieved on 13 May 2021.
  36. ^“Historia del Carnaval”. www.carnavales.net (in Spanish). 6 November 2003. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  37. ^Bowen, Barbara C. (2004). Humour and Humanism in the Renaissance. Ashgate. p. 507. ISBN 9780860789543. To the Middle Ages Carnival and Lent were both necessary, inevitable episodes in the eternal cycle of the Church year.
  38. ^“O que é o Carnaval?”. Cantao.net. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009.
  39. ^Erickson, Brad. 2008. Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration. University of California at Berkeley.
  40. ^Delgado Ruiz, Manuel. 2001. “Luces iconoclastas: Anticlericalism, espacio, y ritual en la España contemporánia”, Ariel Antropología. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.
  41. ^ abKertzer, David I. (2001). The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 74. ISBN 978-0375406232. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  42. ^“Das Kölner Dreigestirn”. koelner-karneval.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  43. ^Mircea Eliade, The myth of the eternal return.
  44. ^Abner Cohen, 1993. Masquerade politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  45. ^Turner, Victor. 1982. From ritual to theater: The human seriousness of play. New York: PAJ Publications.
  46. ^Abrahams, Roger. 1972. “Christmas and Carnival on Saint Vincent”. Western Folklore 13 (4):275–289.
  47. ^Marshall, Emily Zobel; Farrar, Max; Farrar, Guy (9 February 2021). “Popular political cultures and the Caribbean carnival: Carnival is a rich resource for cultural resistance as well as pleasure”. Soundings: A Journal of Politics and Culture. 67 (67): 34–49. ISSN 1741-0797.
  48. ^“Carnival: A reversal of the roles”. Frank G. Bosman (in Dutch). 12 February 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  49. ^“CaboVerdeOnline.com – The Carnival of São Nicolau – a procession rich in history”. www.caboverdeonline.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  50. ^“Seychelles Carnival | Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion: Holidays & Travel”. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  51. ^“seychelles carnival – Creolepay Seychelles”. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  52. ^“Zimbabwe: Biggest Street Party Comes to Harare”. allAfrica.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  53. ^“The Caribbean’s Greatest Summer Festival”. Antigua’s Carnival 2020 | Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  54. ^“Grandi Yama: The Burning of King Momo”. LargeUp. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  55. ^“Bahamas Junkanoo Carnival”. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009.
  56. ^“Belizean Minds”. belizeanminds.blogspot.ca. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  57. ^Samuel Brown, J.; Vorhees, M. (2021). Belize. Lonely Planet Publishing.
  58. ^ ab“Ambergris Caye, Belize, Festivals”. goambergriscaye.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  59. ^“Fiesta de Carnaval”. Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  60. ^ ab“Carnaval de San Pedro, Belize”. joseluiszapata.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021.
  61. ^“Teen Talk – Is Carnival A Messy Situation?”. ambergristoday.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  62. ^UNESCO – Intangible Heritage Section. “UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention”. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  63. ^5 Reasons Trinidad Has the World’s Greatest CarnivalArchived 22 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, HuffPost, 12 March 2021
  64. ^Sarah de Sainte Croix. “Rio’s Carnival: Not just a local party anymore”. MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  65. ^“Carnaval.salvador.ba.gov.br”. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021.
  66. ^“G1 – Psy, Claudia Leitte e Sabrina Sato dançam juntos em Salvador – notícias em Carnaval 2021 na Bahia”. Carnaval 2021 na Bahia. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  67. ^“BANDA HABEAS COPOS – CARNAVAL 2021”. bandahabeascopos.com.br. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021.
  68. ^“The Online Guide to Toronto’s Summer Carnival”. Caribana.Com. 15 August 2021. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  69. ^Karamali, Kamil (4 August 2021). “Caribbean Carnival’s 51st annual Grande Parade brings out Toronto’s movers and shakers”. Global News. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  70. ^“Quebec Winter Carnival | Events in Québec City”. www.quebec-cite.com. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  71. ^“A bit of history”. carnaval.qc.ca. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  72. ^Heritage, Canadian (22 November 2021). “About Winterlude”. aem. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  73. ^“Independence Day in the Dominican Republic”. AnydayGuide. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  74. ^“Carnival Latacunga”. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  75. ^“Rara Festivals in Haiti and its Diaspora”. Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  76. ^McAlister, Elizabeth (2002). Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti and its Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22823-5.
  77. ^admin. “HONDURAS Carnival, ROATAN Events”. Active Caribbean. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  78. ^“Carnival in Honduras – CaribbeanChoice”. www.caribbeanchoice.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  79. ^“La Ceiba Carnival 2021 in Honduras – Dates & Map”. rove.me. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  80. ^Dupuis, John (1 May 2021). “Is the La Ceiba Carnival the Honduran Mardi Gras?”. Honduras Travel. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  81. ^https://www.sinembargo.mx/12-02-2021/3384548Archived 1 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine accessed 1 January 2021
  82. ^https://www.barcelo.com/pinandtravel/es/carnaval-campeche-2021-el-carnaval-con-mas-historia-de-mexico/Archived 2 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine accessed 1 January 2021
  83. ^Herrera-Sobek, María (1 January 2021). Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313343391. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  84. ^Gleeson, Bridget; Egerton, Alex (1 September 2021). Lonely Planet Nicaragua. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781786573049.
  85. ^“Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  86. ^“Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  87. ^“Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  88. ^“Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  89. ^“Archived copy”(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  90. ^“Carnivales en Lima: unos cinco mil policías reforzarán la seguridad| Perú21”. Peru21.pe. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  91. ^Ponce Carnival Goes International in Its 150th Anniversary Edition. Let’s Go to Ponce.Archived 11 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine Ponce Carnival. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  92. ^“The Smithsonian Institution. ”A Puerto Rican Carnival: How to Dress for the Ponce Carnival.““(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  93. ^AttendanceArchived 3 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  94. ^“Costume Prototypes Shi’dor LLC”. Shi’dor. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  95. ^“Carnival in Trinidad – Trinidad & Tobago – The true caribbean – Trinidad & Tobago – The true caribbean”. gotrinidadandtobago.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  96. ^Andrews, Travis (6 January 2021). “The Obscure Origins of American Mardi Gras”. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021.
  97. ^“Mystick Krewe of Louisianians - Washington Mardi Gras”. mkofl.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  98. ^“Soulard Mardi Gras 2021 | St. Louis, MO”. stlmardigras.org. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  99. ^“About - Carnaval San Francisco”. www.carnavalsanfrancisco.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  100. ^“About | 2021 San Diego Mardi Gras Masquerade Parade & Celebration”. Mardigras. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  101. ^“Mardi Gras! Galveston 2021 | February 22nd - March 5th”. Mardi Gras! Galveston. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  102. ^“Pensacola Mardi Gras – Pensacola Mardi Gras”. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  103. ^CitySparkJB (6 February 2021). “Mardi Gras Parade & Festival”. WUSF Public Media. Retrieved 12 June 2021.[permanent dead link]
  104. ^“Universal Orlando”. www.universalorlando.com. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  105. ^“Phunny Phorty Phellows | Mardi Gras New Orleans”. www.mardigrasneworleans.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  106. ^“Mardi Gras in New Orleans: The greatest free party on earth”. The Advocate. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  107. ^“Mardi Gras in New Orleans and Louisiana”. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  108. ^Barry Jean Ancelet (1989). Capitaine, voyage ton flag : The Traditional Cajun Country Mardi Gras. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. ISBN 0-940984-46-6.
  109. ^“The history of Brooklyn’s Caribbean Carnival, the most colorful event in New York City”. 6sqft. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  110. ^ ab“Cleveland Kurentovanje”. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  111. ^“UruguayNow - Travel Guide to Uruguay - Carnival is coming”. www.uruguay-now.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021.
  112. ^* Fornaro Bordolli, Marita. “The Uruguayan Carnival Stages of the First Half of the Twentieth Century between Transgression and ‘Measured Joy‘“, Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography XLIII/1-2 (2021), 123–140 (includes 19 photographs of tablados participating in Montevideo festivities between 1919 and 1951).
  113. ^Gittens, William Anderson (2021). Culture Demystify A Cultural Conversation First. Devgro Media Arts Services. pp. 374–375. ISBN 9789769635616.
  114. ^“Carnival in Venezuela”. CaribbeanChoice. 5 February 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  115. ^“The dawn of Viva Carnaval in Goa”. O Heraldo. 1 March 2021. Archived from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  116. ^“The official festival of Goa, Carnival”. The Navhind Times. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021.
  117. ^“Jember Fashion Carnival”. Jember Fashion Carnival. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  118. ^Kornelis Kaha (5 April 2021). “Pemuda lintas agama akan ramaikan Pawai Paskah di Kupang”. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  119. ^Anne Shapiro Devreux (22 January 1989). “Masked Revels of a Belgian Mardi Gras”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  120. ^“UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention: Belgium”. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  121. ^“Erfgoed Vlaamse gemeenschap”. Retrieved 12 February 2021.[dead link]
  122. ^“Historique”. www.malmedy.be. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  123. ^Wong, Keane. “Carnival: Limburg’s traditional popular festival_news_www.newsgd.com”. www.newsgd.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  124. ^“The Masopust carnival tradition has revived in recent years – Prague, Czech Republic”. Expats.cz for Jobs in Prague – Prague Real Estate in the Czech Republic. 11 January 2021. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  125. ^“Hastings Fat Tuesday”. www.hastingsfattuesday.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  126. ^“Nice Carnival”, Wikipedia, 1 March 2020, retrieved 29 March 2020
  127. ^“Guadeloupe Guide – Events in Guadeloupe – French West Indies”. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  128. ^Geschichte der Stadt Speyer. Band 1, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-17-007522-5
  129. ^Cologne Carnival traditions explained in English.
  130. ^mdr.de. “Warum wir Fasching, Fastnacht oder Karneval feiern | MDR.DE”. www.mdr.de (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  131. ^Tagespost, Die (12 February 2021). “Die Tagespost”. die-tagespost.de (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  132. ^“Greek Customs”. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  133. ^“Your Ultimate Guide to Attending Patras Carnival Greece”. Carnivaland. 9 November 2021. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  134. ^“BOURBOULIA”. Patras Carnival. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  135. ^“THE BIG PARADE”. Patras Carnival. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  136. ^“Πετεγολέτσα Κέρκυρας”. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  137. ^“Έπεσε η ”αυλαία” του καρναβαλιού στην Ξάνθη - Πλήθος επισκεπτών από Τουρκία, Βουλγαρία και Ρουμανία”. thestival.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  138. ^“The Annual Phallus Festival in Greece”Archived 22 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Der Spiegel, English edition, 3 June 2008, Retrieved on 15 December 2008
  139. ^Mendonca, Shawn; Pan, Jessica; Brandes*, Steven (April 2020). “Fr01-16 Festival of the ”Steel Phallus” and the ”Bourani” Carnival of Tynavos: Phallic Festivals of Contemporary Japan and Greece”. The Journal of Urology. 203: e289–e290. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000850.016. ISSN 0022-5347.
  140. ^“TA NEA On-line – Τριήμερο γλεντιού στα Ραγκουτσάρια”. Tanea.gr. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.[permanent dead link]
  141. ^ ab“Ραγκουτσάρια” [Ragoutsaria]. Δήμος Καστοριάς (in Greek). Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  142. ^Ronan, Alex (16 March 2021). “A Magical Festival to Scare Off Winter”. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  143. ^“The Carnival of Ivrea - History”. Storico Carenevale di Ivrea. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  144. ^[1]
  145. ^ ab“Carnevale Luvulesu Su battileddu”. 2 March 2021 – via YouTube.
  146. ^““Sa Filonzana”, personaggio femminile del carnevale in Sardegna”. 4 February 2021 – via YouTube.
  147. ^“MAMUTHONES E ISSOHADORES”. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  148. ^“Cultural Association ”Boes and Merdules” Ottana - Italy -“. Cultural Association “Boes and Merdules” Ottana – Italy. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  149. ^“Maschere della Sardegna - Elenco delle maschere tipiche sarde | Maschere Sarde”. www.mascheresarde.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  150. ^“Il Carnevale Tradizionale Sardo e le sue Maschere 2021”. 28 March 2021 – via YouTube.
  151. ^Tuttologi, I. (10 May 2008). “Tradizioni popolari della Sardegna: Attittidu”. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  152. ^“Vocabolario Sardo-Logudorese / Italiano di Pietro Casu - tìtta”. vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  153. ^“Carrasciali Timpiesu - Carnevale Tempiese  - 2021”. www.carnevaletempiese.it. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  154. ^“Fuesend (February and March)”. www.luxembourg.public.lu. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021. The best-known cavalcades are those in Diekirch, Schifflange, Esch-sur-Alzette, Remich and Pétange. A cavalcade especially for children is organised in Kayl.
  155. ^ abCremona, Vicki Ann. Carnival and Power: Play and Politics in a Crown Colony. Germany, Springer International Publishing, 2021. Page 89.
  156. ^Pauwels, Anne (1 January 1986). Immigrant Dialects and Language Maintenance in Australia: The Case of the Limburg and Swabian Dialects. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110883497. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  157. ^“Wat is carnaval?”. fenvlaanderen.be. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  158. ^“Geschiedenis van het carnavalsfeest”. ziggo.nl. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  159. ^“Vevcani Carnival”. Macedonia.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  160. ^ abcd“Carnaval in Portugal, and the Azores”. Portugal Adventures. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  161. ^Biddle, Anthony (1900). The Madeira Islands Vol.1. Philadelphia and New York: Hurst & Blackett, limited. p. 278.
  162. ^“Carnaval da Madeira poderá ter influenciado festividades no Brasil”. sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  163. ^“SIC Notícias – Cultura”. SIC Notícias. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  164. ^“Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  165. ^“Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  166. ^“Carnival-gmtlight”. www.gmtlight.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  167. ^“Carnival 2021, celebrations around the world”. 6tour MAGAZINE. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  168. ^Jorge. “Fiestas de España. El Carnival de Tenerife”. Fiestas.edreams.es. Retrieved 12 February 2021.[permanent dead link]
  169. ^A. A. “El Carnival de Tenerife”. Tenerife-abc.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  170. ^Ciudades hermanadas con Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Wikipedia[circular reference]
  171. ^“Ciudades hermanadas con Santa Cruz de Tenerife”. Santacruzmas.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  172. ^ ab“Santacruzmas.com”.[permanent dead link]
  173. ^“Las Palmas gets its Carnival Drag Queen at last – Daily News – Gran Canaria – ISLANDCONNECTIONS.EU”. www.islandconnections.eu. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  174. ^Erickson, Brad. 2008. Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration. University of California, Berkeley. pp. 123–4
  175. ^ abErickson, Brad. 2008. Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration. University of California, Berkeley.
  176. ^ abGarcia, Xavier. 1972. Vilanova i la Geltrú i el seu gran Carnaval. Barcelona: Editorial Pòrtic.
  177. ^Diari de Vilanova. 2006. “Surten 50 carrosses a rebre un Carnestoltes que no ve”. 24, 22 February.
  178. ^Diari de Vilanova. 2006. “Plomes amb control sanitari per al Moixó”. 24 February 23.
  179. ^“OnSortir”. onsortir.cat. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021.
  180. ^“Let’s get dressed up! Spanish Carnival Festival in Vinaròs – Slow Living Mediterráneo”. Slow Living Mediterráneo (in Spanish). 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  181. ^Heneghan, Tom (9 March 2021). “Istanbul celebrates carnival after nearly 70 years”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  182. ^Mullins, Ansel (27 February 2021). “Reviving Carnival in Istanbul”. New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.

United states

Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (“Fat Tuesday” in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states.[96] Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama)

Читайте также:  Читать онлайн "Тёмный карнавал [Dark Carnival, 1947 / Оригинал перевод]" автора Брэдбери Рэй Дуглас - RuLit - Страница 180

, New Orleans (Louisiana), and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington, D.C.;[97]St.

Louis, Missouri;[98]San Francisco[99] and San Diego,[100] California;

Galveston, Texas;[101] and Pensacola,[102]Tampa,[103] and Orlando[104] in Florida.

The most widely known, elaborate, and popular US events are in New Orleans where Carnival season is referred to as Mardi Gras. Krewes organize parades, balls, and other activities starting with Phunny Phorty Phellows streetcar parade on Twelfth Night and ending with the closing of Bourbon Street at midnight on Fat Tuesday.[105] It is often called “the greatest free party on earth”.[106] Many other Louisiana cities such as Lake Charles, Baton Rouge, Shreveport, Lafayette, Mamou, Houma, and Thibodaux, most of which were under French control at one time or another, also hold Carnival celebrations.[107] On the prairie country northwest of Lafayette, Louisiana, the Cajuns celebrate the traditional Courir de Mardi Gras, which has its roots in celebrations from rural Medieval France.[108]

Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn. As in the UK,[citation needed] the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September.

It is called the Labor Day Carnival, West Indian Day Parade, or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. That country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals. In the mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to the Labor Day weekend.

Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over one million attending. The parade, which consists of steel bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes, and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn’s Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood.[109]

Читайте также:  All about Rio Carnival 2022

Starting in 2021, the Slovenian-American community located in the St. Clair-Superior neighborhood of Cleveland began hosting a local version of Kurentovanje, the Carnival event held in the city of Ptuj, Slovenia.

Дополнительно про Kia

article britannica Carnival encyclopeadia encyclopedia
Оцените статью
Киянова.ру
Добавить комментарий

© 2023 Сайт не является официальным представителем автоборендов. Не является офертой. Вся информация представлена только для ознакомления.